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Battle of Pensacola (1814)
The Battle of Pensacola was a battle in the War of 1812 in which American forces fought against the kingdoms of Britain and Spain, and Creek Native Americans allied with the British. The American commander, General Andrew Jackson, led his infantry against British and Spanish forces controlling the city of Pensacola in Spanish Florida. The British abandoned the city and it was surrendered to Jackson by the Spanish.
==Background==
After defeating the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, there was a migration of refugees to Spanish West Florida. The presence of the Creek refugees had motivated Captain George Woodbine to travel to Pensacola in July 1814. Woodbine's liaisons with the refugees and the Spanish governor of Pensacola would subsequently lead to the British having a military presence at Pensacola from 23 August 1814,〔Marshall, p65〕 initially occupying Fort San Miguel,〔Mahon, p347 quoting a letter from Cochrane to the Admiralty dated 25 August 1814: 'Nicolls, 3 other officers, a surgeon, 11 non-commissioned officers, and 97 enlisted men landed and occupied Fort San Miguel. Besides their own arms, they carried 3 field pieces, 1000 stands of arms, and 300 British uniforms for the Indians.'〕 and the town itself. The potency of the British force, and its perceived ability to see off any American forces were leveraged by Edward Nicolls in his negotiations with the Spanish. The measure of perceived potency was somewhat reduced, in the aftermath of the failed attack on Fort Bowyer in September 1814.
〔Heidler, p41 'At the end of July, he () traveled to Pensacola.. to reassure Governor Manrique that Britain could repel an American invasion'〕〔Heidler, p44 Manrique 'believed that armed and fed Red Sticks would deter any aggressions the Americans contemplated.'〕〔Tucker (ed), p245 'Manrique feared an imminent American descent on that place and now agreed that the British might garrison both the town and forts'〕 Just prior to the arrival of the Americans, as relations with the Spanish governor deteriorated,〔Tucker (ed), p245〕 the British force left the town and was consolidated in the outlying Fort San Carlos, and at the Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza battery (later rebuilt as Fort Pickens).〔Tucker (ed), p569〕
General Andrew Jackson planned to drive the British from the Spanish city of Pensacola in Spanish Florida, then march to New Orleans to defend the city against any British attack.〔Tucker (ed), p341〕 Jackson's forces had diminished due to desertions.〔Heidler, p45〕 Jackson was forced to wait for Brigadier-General John Coffee and his volunteers to arrive, before moving against the city. Jackson and Coffee liaised at Pierce's Stockade in Alabama.〔Paterson, p163〕 In early November Jackson assembled a force of up to 4,000 men.〔Tucker (ed), p570〕 On November 2, he moved out towards Pensacola, reaching the city on November 6.〔Eaton, p145〕 The forces in the Anglo-Spanish fort consisted of around 100 British infantry and a coastal battery, about 500 Spanish infantry, an unknown number of British and Spanish artillery, and an unknown number of Creek warriors. Jackson first sent Major Henri Piere as a messenger under a white flag of truce to the Spanish governor, Mateo González Manrique. However, the messenger approached the city and was fired upon by the garrison in Fort San Miguel. Eventually a second messenger, this time a Spaniard,〔Eaton, p146〕 was sent through and offered the demand that after the British evacuated the forts, Americans would garrison them until relieved by Spanish troops which would serve only to ensure Spain's neutrality in the conflict, Manrique denied these demands.〔Tucker (ed), p245〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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